Nickel in the muscle tissues of freshwater fish from north eastern Poland should not cause human health concerns

Excessive intake of nickel (Ni) is known to produce adverse health effects in humans, including carcinogenicity and allergenicity. The main route of exposure for humans is diet, including fish. There is, however, little information concerning Ni content in freshwater fish in Poland. The aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of Ni in meat tissues of three fish species from north eastern Poland and assess toxic potential to healthy and susceptible sub-groups of individuals. The settings for the study lakes span a range of anthropogenic influence from protected areas to a basin with a town and several villages and another one influenced by a pesticide tomb leakage. Fish were netted and kept frozen until analysis. After defrosting, the fish were filleted and minced. The ashed samples were dissolved in nitric acid and analyzed for Ni by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Roach meat contained 6.6–23 µg kg^?1 Ni, bream 9.5–178 µg kg^?1, and carp 16.5–139 µg kg^?1. These concentrations are low, indicating that the fish were not excessively contaminated with the metal. Consuming a 250 g portion of fish would result in an average nickel intake of 4 µg for roach, <10 µg for bream, and <20 µg for carp. These values represent only 0.4–2% of the maximum level that is likely to pose a risk of adverse effects as established in the USA. Consumption of fish from the study region need not necessarily pose a health threat.     

太子河鱼类群落结构空间分布特征

以辽河流域太子河为例,开展鱼类生态调查,分析鱼类群落的空间分布特征,在此基础上进行鱼类地理分布区域划分. 结果表明,太子河鱼类分属2纲9目12科36属44种,符合辽河亚区鱼类的分布特征,其种类繁多,且以纺锤形体型的鲤科鱼类居多. 通过CCA(典范对应分析)发现,水深、水体电导率以及ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)和ρ(TN)与鱼类的种类及数量的相关性最大. 根据对各采样点鱼类的渔获量、Shannon-Wiener指数的聚类分析,并且结合各采样点的水温、水深、饵料生物组成、岸边植被、底质、流速、土壤等生态环境因素,以及鱼类分布和种群的结构特征,将太子河流域划分为2个生态区,其中A区包括太子河中、上游的流域,涵盖了51个采样点;B区包括19个采样点,主要是太子河下游的绝大部分流域.      

毒死蜱对我国南方稻区水域中12种淡水鱼的毒性

毒死蜱作为稻田常用农药,普遍存在于稻区沟渠、池塘和河流中,从而对生活在其中的鱼类具有潜在风险。通过短期暴露试验,比较了毒死蜱在纯水、水-沉积物体系中对淡水鱼的毒性效应,进一步研究了毒死蜱在不同鱼体内的生物富集作用,以及对鱼脑Ach E活性的影响。试验结果表明:毒死蜱对12种淡水鱼均表现为高毒或剧毒,最敏感的是太阳鱼,但体系中沉积物的存在会通过吸附作用降低农药对鱼类的毒性;毒死蜱在鱼体内表现为中等或高富集性,其中斑马鱼的富集系数最大;毒死蜱对鱼脑Ach E酶活性有明显抑制作用,其中以虹鳟最敏感。研究结果为稻田常用农药对水生态环境中鱼类安全的风险性评价提供了科学依据。     

陡河水库鱼体汞的生物积累初探

为了解陡河燃煤电厂大气汞释放对毗邻的陡河水库水生生态系统中鱼体汞含量、生物积累和放大等的影响,本研究采集陡河水库野生鱼、虾和螺蛳,分别测定了鱼样等生物样品中的总汞和甲基汞,并对部分代表性样品测定稳定碳氮同位素比值。鱼汞分布特征和δ13C‰和δ15N‰同位素比值分布特征显示:鱼体(鲜样)中总汞和甲基汞平均含量分别为56.4±26.7和15.5±8.4 ng·g-1,总汞含量最高的是杂食性的白条鱼为133 ng·g-1。不同食性的鱼体δ13C和δ15N稳定同位素值变化范围分别为-28.1‰~-24.4‰和12.0‰~16.1‰,Log10[Hg]与δ15N的线性相关斜率值为负值。以上结果表明:陡河水库鱼体汞总体偏低,没有发现高生物积累和生物放大,其主要原因在于陡河水库水环境中汞含量较低,且陡河水库靠近市区,过度捕捞使可以捕获的鱼样种类和数量偏少,且鱼龄较低。     

珠江三角洲养殖鱼塘水体中重金属污染特征和评估

为了解珠江三角洲主要养殖环境中重金属含量及潜在生态危害程度,用电感藕合等离子质谱法和原子荧光法测定了肇庆、广州、惠州和茂名4市14个样点沉积物中7种元素的水体及底泥总量,并对底泥中主要重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明：养殖鱼塘水体中Cr质量浓度范围是nd-0.1011 mg·L-1,超标率为7.1%,Cu质量浓度范围为nd-0.1438 mg·L-1,超标率为64.3%,As质量浓度范围是0.0112-0.0812 mg·L-1,超标率为24.1%,Hg质量浓度范围是0.00004-0.00458 mg·L^-1,超标率为35.7%,Pb质量浓度范围为nd-0.0973 mg·L^-1,超标率为6.8%,其余Ni、Zn和Cd质量浓度范围分别为nd-0.0218、nd-0.0232和nd-0.00319 mg·L^-1,均未超渔业水质标准;底泥中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Cd和Pb的平均值分别为83.86、46.19、242.16、32.38、0.64、1.00和60.06 mg·kg^-1,地积累指数评价结果显示,表层沉积物重金属污染程度顺序为Cd＞Hg＞Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cu＞Cr,其中,Cd污染程度为中-强,是底泥污染最严重的元素。潜在生态风险指数分析,单项潜在生态风险指数生态风险均值排列顺序为 Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu＞Zn＞Cr。对区域综合潜在生态风险指数RI的贡献率最大的元素为Hg、As和Cd。4个市底泥潜在生态风险综合指数（RI）比较,惠州（290.13）＞广州（240.54）＞茂名（193.23）＞肇庆（116.40）。Hg和Cd是该水域污染和潜在生态风险最大的元素。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测鱼体中的全氟化合物

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS),建立了检测1种贝类和2种鱼类的肌肉组织中11种全氟化合物(PFCs)的分析方法.采用碱液消解做为样品前处理法,选Carbon/NH2双层SPE小柱做为净化小柱,并以ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18为分析柱,甲醇和2 mmol.L-15%甲醇乙酸铵溶液为梯度淋洗液.所选定的11种全氟化合物在6 min内就可以达到良好分离,外标法定量.平均回收率在72.1%—93.6%之间,相对标准偏差在0.6%—9.5%之间,实际检出限在3.4—26.7 pg.g-1.     

合肥市场6种淡水鱼体内Cu、Pb和Cd的分布及食用风险

重金属沿食物链传递并最终在人体中富集的事实已经得到越来越多的重视和研究.从合肥市场采集鲢鱼、鲈鱼、鳜鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼和草鱼,研究Cu、Pb和Cd在这6种鱼体内的分布和食用风险.结果表明:鲢鱼、鲈鱼、鳜鱼、鳊鱼、鲫鱼和草鱼的肌肉中w(Cu)、w(Pb)和w(Cd)均低于我国NY 5073—2006《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》、GB 2762—2005《食品中污染物限量》及澳大利亚国家卫生和医学研究理事会制定的人体消费卫生标准,其总重金属食入健康风险数值也小于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受水平5.0×10-5 a-1,说明合肥市场上这6种淡水鱼的肌肉通过食入途径所产生的Cu、Pb和Cd健康风险均在可接受水平.      

Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Fish Assemblages in Central Amazonia

Abstract: In Amazonia reduced‐impact logging, which is meant to reduce environmental disturbance by controlling stem‐fall directions and minimizing construction of access roads, has been applied to large areas containing thousands of streams. We investigated the effects of reduced‐impact logging on environmental variables and the composition of fish in forest streams in a commercial logging concession in central Amazonia, Amazonas State, Brazil. To evaluate short‐term effects, we sampled 11 streams before and after logging in one harvest area. We evaluated medium‐term effects by comparing streams in 11 harvest areas logged 1–8 years before the study with control streams in adjacent areas. Each sampling unit was a 50‐m stream section. The tetras Pyrrhulina brevis and Hemigrammus cf. pretoensis had higher abundances in plots logged ≥3 years before compared with plots logged <3 years before. The South American darter (Microcharacidium eleotrioides) was less abundant in logged plots than in control plots. In the short term, the overall fish composition did not differ two months before and immediately after reduced‐impact logging. Temperature and pH varied before and after logging, but those differences were compatible with normal seasonal variation. In the medium term, temperature and cover of logs were lower in logged plots. Differences in ordination scores on the basis of relative fish abundance between streams in control and logged areas changed with time since logging, mainly because some common species increased in abundance after logging. There was no evidence of species loss from the logging concession, but differences in log cover and ordination scores derived from relative abundance of fish species persisted even after 8 years. For Amazonian streams, reduced‐impact logging appears to be a viable alternative to clear‐cut practices, which severely affect aquatic communities. Nevertheless, detailed studies are necessary to evaluated subtle long‐term effects.     

投饵养鱼对潘家口水库藻类生长影响的围隔试验研究

设置投饵、投饵单养花鲢（Aristichthisnobilis）、投饵单养鲤鱼（Cyprinuscarpio）、投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼以及空白对照5个围隔及水库背景水体,研究投饵养鱼对潘家口水库浮游藻类生长和群落结构的影响。结果发现,试验期间水库水体和空白对照围隔中总藻平均密度分别为2.60×10^6L^-1和3.38×10^6L^-1,均以蓝藻和绿藻为主且基本保持稳定状态;投饵能有效促进藻类生长,只投饵围隔中总藻平均密度达到1.17×10^8L^-1,藻种组成向单一鱼腥藻（Anabaena）方向演替;养殖花鲢抑制藻的生长,参照只投饵围隔,抑制率接近80%,绿藻占据极大优势,其中栅藻（Scenedesmussp）、芒锥藻（Errerellabornhemiensisconr）和空星藻（Coelastrumsp）成为优势藻种;投饵养殖鲤鱼也能有效降低藻生物量,总藻平均密度为4.07×10^7L^-1,绿藻占总藻的比例由27%增加到95%,其中空星藻和小球藻（ChlorellavulgarisBeij）为优势藻种;投饵混养花鲢和鲤鱼围隔中总藻密度稍高于单养花鲢和鲤鱼围隔,为4.37×10^7L^-1,栅藻和鱼腥藻为优势藻种。     

A Global Baseline for Spawning Aggregations of Reef Fishes

Abstract: Species that periodically and predictably congregate on land or in the sea can be extremely vulnerable to overexploitation. Many coral reef fishes form spawning aggregations that are increasingly the target of fishing. Although serious declines are well known for a few species, the extent of this behavior among fishes and the impacts of aggregation fishing are not appreciated widely. To profile aggregating species globally, establish a baseline for future work, and strengthen the case for protection, we (as members of the Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations) developed a global database on the occurrence, history, and management of spawning aggregations. We complemented the database with information from interviews with over 300 fishers in Asia and the western Pacific. Sixty‐seven species, mainly commercial, in 9 families aggregate to spawn in the 29 countries or territories considered in the database. Ninety percent of aggregation records were from reef pass channels, promontories, and outer reef‐slope drop‐offs. Multispecies aggregation sites were common, and spawning seasons of most species typically lasted <3 months. The best‐documented species in the database, the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus), has undergone substantial declines in aggregations throughout its range and is now considered threatened. Our findings have important conservation and management implications for aggregating species given that exploitation pressures on them are increasing, there is little effective management, and 79% of those aggregations sufficiently well documented were reported to be in decline. Nonetheless, a few success stories demonstrate the benefits of aggregation management. A major shift in perspective on spawning aggregations of reef fish, from being seen as opportunities for exploitation to acknowledging them as important life‐history phenomena in need of management, is urgently needed.